Sources
Works cited
Every statistic on this site is taken from one of the publications below, which we retrieved while preparing the first draft. Links open the original page or PDF.
- Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, “2020 U.S. Religion Census: An Enumeration by Nation, State, Metro, and County” (2023 publication of 2020 census)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)” (CDC page citing Goldberg et al., Public Health Reports, 2016 (retrieved November 2026))
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Director Wray's Opening Statement to the House Committee on Homeland Security” (November 15, 2023)
- Federal Bureau of Investigation / U.S. Department of Justice (House Homeland Security Committee hearing record), “Statement for the Record of Christopher Wray, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, before the House Committee on Homeland Security” (November 15, 2023)
- Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, “Spotlight on Speech Codes 2026” (2026 (20th edition))
- Girls Not Brides, “Egypt (child marriage atlas country page)” (Retrieved November 2026)
- Hartford Institute for Religion Research / Ihsan Bagby, “The American Mosque 2011: Report Number 1 from the US Mosque Study 2011” (2011–2012)
- Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (Ihsan Bagby), “The American Mosque 2020: Growing and Evolving — Report 1 of the US Mosque Survey 2020” (2020 (page published June 2, 2020; survey completed 2020))
- Internal Revenue Service, “Exemption Requirements — 501(c)(3) Organizations” (IRS official guidance (accessed November 2026))
- Internal Revenue Service, “Social Welfare Organizations” (IRS official guidance (accessed November 2026))
- Internal Revenue Service, “Lobbying” (IRS official guidance (accessed November 2026))
- Internal Revenue Service, “The Restriction of Political Campaign Intervention by Section 501(c)(3) Tax-Exempt Organizations” (IRS official guidance (accessed November 2026))
- Internal Revenue Service, “Political Organizations” (IRS official guidance (accessed November 2026))
- Library of Congress Information Bulletin, “Islam in America: Library Hosts Symposium on Muslim History, Culture in the U.S.” (February 2002)
- National Humanities Center, Divining America, “Islam in America: From African Slaves to Malcolm X” (TeacherServe essay)
- Pew Research Center, “New estimates show U.S. Muslim population continues to grow” (January 3, 2018)
- Pew Research Center, “Muslims expected to surpass Jews as second-largest U.S. religious group” (April 14, 2015)
- Pew Research Center, “The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050” (April 2, 2015)
- Pew Research Center, “U.S. Muslims Concerned About Their Place in Society, but Continue to Believe in the American Dream” (July 26, 2017)
- Pew Research Center, “How U.S. Muslims compare with other Americans religiously and demographically” (June 18, 2025)
- Pew Research Center, “U.S. Muslim community has grown (chart)” (September 3, 2026)
- Pew Research Center, “25 years after 9/11, a portrait of Muslim Americans” (September 3, 2026)
- Pew Research Center, “The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society” (April 30, 2013)
- Pew Research Center, “American Muslims' political and social views” (July 26, 2017)
- Pew Research Center, “American Muslims' religious beliefs and practices” (July 26, 2017)
- Pew Research Center, “U.S. Muslims Concerned About Their Place in Society, but Continue to Believe in the American Dream (full report)” (July 26, 2017)
- Pew Research Center, “Four-in-ten countries and territories worldwide had blasphemy laws in 2019” (January 25, 2022)
- Pew Research Center, “Child marriage is rare in U.S. but varies by state” (November 1, 2016)
- Quran.com / Dr. Mustafa Khattab, “Surah An-Nisa 4:34 (The Clear Quran, with tafsir excerpt)” (Retrieved November 2026)
- Quran.com / Dr. Mustafa Khattab, “Surah An-Nisa 4:11 (The Clear Quran)” (Retrieved November 2026)
- Quranic Arabic Corpus, University of Leeds, “Verse (4:34) — English Translation (parallel)” (Retrieved November 2026)
- Quranic Arabic Corpus, University of Leeds, “Verse (2:282) — English Translation (parallel)” (Retrieved November 2026)
- Quranic Arabic Corpus, University of Leeds, “Verse (2:256) — English Translation (parallel)” (Retrieved November 2026)
- Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, “Remarks at the Annual Convention of Kiwanis International” (July 6, 1987)
- Sunnah.com (canonical hadith collection), “Sahih al-Bukhari 5134” (Retrieved November 2026)
- Sunnah.com (canonical hadith collection), “Sahih al-Bukhari 6922” (Retrieved November 2026)
- U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, “Legislation Factsheet: Conversion Laws” (December 2018)
- U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, “The Dangerous Idea of Protecting Religions from “Defamation”: A Threat to Universal Human Rights Standards (Update Fall 2010)” (Fall 2010)
- U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Domestic Terrorism: Further Actions Needed to Strengthen FBI and DHS Collaboration to Counter Threats (GAO-23-104720)” (February 22, 2023)
- U.S. Religion Census (Ihsan Bagby), “2020 U.S. Religion Census, Appendix K: Muslim Estimate” (2023)
- Unchained At Last, “United States' Child Marriage Problem: Study Findings 2000-2021” (September 2025 (updated September 22, 2025))
- Unchained At Last, “Oklahoma just banned child marriage!” (May 13, 2026)
- UNICEF, “The cost of child marriage over the life cycle of girls and women: Evidence from Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Tunisia” (UNICEF MENA study (retrieved November 2026))
- United Nations Population Fund, “Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions” (Updated February 5, 2026)
- UNODC and UN Women, “Femicides in 2024: Global Estimates of Intimate Partner/Family Member Femicides” (2025)
- World Health Organization, “Female genital mutilation (fact sheet)” (January 31, 2025)